Probiotics
What are Probiotics?
We all have intestinal flora (that’s the word for all the bacteria in our intestines, good or bad). There are millions of different strains of these bacteria, and each person’s unique mix of those strains is called our microbiome. The more beneficial strains of bacteria are often called “Probiotics,” a term that literally translates as “for life.”
The human body contains more bacteria than it contains human cells – 10 times more.[1] These bacteria help digest your food, regulate your immune system, and produce vitamins such as K and B complex.[2] They are an essential part of life.
But even with 25-28 feet of the intestinal lining to cover, space is limited. And there are many different strains of bacteria-fighting for that space. Health experts say we’re at our healthiest when at least 80% of our flora is what’s considered “good” or beneficial bacteria and only 20% “bad,” (which can be neutral to possibly detrimental).[3] Most of us, however, have exactly the opposite ratio.[4]
Potential Reasons For Unhealthy Intestinal Flora
There are many reasons why individuals have greater numbers of neutral-to-negative strains of bacteria in their personal flora than they do beneficial strains.[5] Some is determined at birth, but diet[6] and lifestyle play an important role in shaping our microbiome over the course of a lifetime.[7] Several studies have found that certain strains of bacteria are more or less present for people in different countries or areas of the world.[8] [9]
Antibiotics have one of the strongest impacts on the diversity of human intestinal flora. A single course of antibiotic treatment causes extreme disruption in the existing makeup of an individual’s flora in the short term, and some of that change can still be detected after as long as 6 months.[10] Repeated courses of antibiotics can permanently alter this critical makeup,[11] even wiping out some beneficial strains altogether.[12]
Effects Of Poorly Balanced Intestinal Flora
Much research has linked poorly balanced intestinal flora to a host of health issues.[13] In fact, a 2009 meta-analysis concluded that our overall immune system is not influenced by intestinal bacteria, but in fact, controlled by them.[14] Poorly balanced intestinal flora can greatly weaken our overall immunity.[15]
The most obvious issue to stem from a poor balance of flora would be digestive problems. Increasing evidence suggests a “combination of host genetics and gut microbiotia are essential for the development of Crohn’s disease.”[16] People suffering from irritable bowel syndrome have “significantly different” intestinal flora than those who do not.[17]
Other health problems that have been associated with a poor balance of intestinal flora include:
- Cardiovascular Disease[18]
- Heart Failure[19]
- Metabolic disease[20]
- Obesity[21]
- Diabetes[22]
- Inflammatory/ autoimmune diseases and cancer[23]
- Chronic Inflammation[24]
- Depression[25]
- Anxiety[26]
- Brain Disorders[27]
- Alzheimer’s Disease[28]
- Insomnia[29]
- Lack of energy[30]
Improve Your Intestinal Flora And Your Health With Probiotics
With all the negative things poorly balanced intestinal flora can do, it’s no wonder that introducing probiotics to your system can have a dramatically positive effect – improving everything from systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, glycemic control, tissue lipid content and even mood itself. [31]
But what’s the best way to do so? Probiotics have been added to multiple different types of foods, especially yogurt and other dairy products. However, it seems that probiotics in food are not very effective at altering gut bacteria.[32]
Yet probiotic supplements have been shown to alter gut bacteria in a positive way.[33] Of course, there are some limitations. Studies indicate that different strains provide different benefits, and millions of specific strains have still not been studied at all. Ones that have been shown to be effective must survive the trip through the digestive tract and reach their intended destination to matter at all.[34]
The intended destination along the intestinal tract will differ for different strains.[35] One way to ensure coverage for the entire digestive tract is to take a probiotic supplement that contains strains from all 5 genera (or “families”) of bacteria.[36]
How Probiotics Work
As you begin taking a Probiotic supplement, billions of good bacteria move into your small and large intestines. Day after day they’re joined by billions more. And the older, existing bacteria will have no room to live, so before long you’ll have that optimal ratio of good flora.[37]
Suddenly, there’s no room for infectious organisms to take hold. So you get sick much less often. Every system in your body is eventually impacted in a positive way.[38]
Choosing A Probiotic Supplement
Considering the information above, an effective Probiotic supplement will:
- Contain specific strains that have been scientifically studied and shown to actually provide some health benefits
- Contain strains that have been shown able to reach their intended destination in the intestinal tract
- Contain strains from all 5 genera of bacteria to ensure coverage of the entire intestinal tract
- Contain prebiotics – substances that beneficial bacteria feed on, to help stimulate their survival and growth[39]
Product Recommendation
Probiotic products that meet or exceed current research include:
Pinnacle Probiotic
Pinnacle Probiotic contains at least one documented, researched strain from each of 5 Genera of bacteria, plus an added prebiotic.
Pinnacle is available from the following retailers:
More products are to be evaluated soon. If you know of a product we should consider, please email us at help@wikivites.com
- ^ Eckburg, Paul B., et al. “Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora.” science 308.5728 (2005): 1635-1638.
- ^ Hentges, David J., ed. Human intestinal microflora in health and disease. Academic Press, 1983.
- ^ Holzapfel, Wilhelm H., et al. “Overview of gut flora and probiotics.” International journal of food microbiology 41.2 (1998): 85-101.
- ^ Hattori, Masahira, and Todd D. Taylor. “The human intestinal microbiome: a new frontier of human biology.” DNA research 16.1 (2009): 1-12.
- ^ Lozupone, Catherine A., et al. “Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota.” Nature 489.7415 (2012): 220-230.
- ^ De Filippo, Carlotta, et al. “Impact of diet in shaping gut microbiota revealed by a comparative study in children from Europe and rural Africa.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107.33 (2010): 14691-14696.
- ^ Duda-Chodak, A. “The inhibitory effect of polyphenols on human gut microbiota.” J. Physiol. Pharmacol 63 (2012): 497-503.
- ^ Yatsunenko, Tanya, et al. “Human gut microbiome viewed across age and geography.” Nature 486.7402 (2012): 222-227.
- ^ Turnbaugh, Peter J., et al. “The human microbiome project: exploring the microbial part of ourselves in a changing world.” Nature449.7164 (2007): 804.
- ^ Dethlefsen, Les, et al. “The pervasive effects of an antibiotic on the human gut microbiota, as revealed by deep 16S rRNA sequencing.” PLoS biol 6.11 (2008): e280.
- ^ Dethlefsen, Les, and David A. Relman. “Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108.Supplement 1 (2011): 4554-4561.
- ^ Jernberg, Cecilia, et al. “Long-term impacts of antibiotic exposure on the human intestinal microbiota.” Microbiology 156.11 (2010): 3216-3223.
- ^ Clemente, Jose C., et al. “The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view.” Cell 148.6 (2012): 1258-1270.
- ^ Round, June L., and Sarkis K. Mazmanian. “The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease.” Nature Reviews Immunology 9.5 (2009): 313-323.
- ^ Maslowski, Kendle M., and Charles R. Mackay. “Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses.” Nature immunology 12.1 (2011): 5-9.
- ^ Dicksved, Johan, et al. “Molecular analysis of the gut microbiota of identical twins with Crohn’s disease.” The ISME journal 2.7 (2008): 716-727.
- ^ Kassinen, Anna, et al. “The fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients differs significantly from that of healthy subjects.” Gastroenterology 133.1 (2007): 24-33.
- ^ Wang, Zeneng, et al. “Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease.” Nature 472.7341 (2011): 57-63.
- ^ Krack, Andreas, et al. “The importance of the gastrointestinal system in the pathogenesis of heart failure.” European heart journal 26.22 (2005): 2368-2374.
- ^ Cani, Patrice D., and Nathalie M. Delzenne. “The role of the gut microbiota in energy metabolism and metabolic disease.” Current pharmaceutical design 15.13 (2009): 1546-1558.
- ^ Bäckhed, Fredrik, et al. “The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 101.44 (2004): 15718-15723.
- ^ Larsen, Nadja, et al. “Gut microbiota in human adults with type 2 diabetes differs from non-diabetic adults.” PloS one 5.2 (2010): e9085.
- ^ Tlaskalová-Hogenová, Helena, et al. “The role of gut microbiota (commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer: contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases.” Cellular & molecular immunology 8.2 (2011): 110-120.
- ^ Biagi, Elena, et al. “Through ageing, and beyond: gut microbiota and inflammatory status in seniors and centenarians.” PloS one 5.5 (2010): e10667.
- ^ Dinan, T. G., and J. F. Cryan. “Melancholic microbes: a link between gut microbiota and depression?.” Neurogastroenterology & Motility25.9 (2013): 713-719.
- ^ Foster, Jane A., and Karen-Anne McVey Neufeld. “Gut–brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression.” Trends in neurosciences 36.5 (2013): 305-312.
- ^ Borre, Yuliya E., et al. “Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders.” Trends in molecular medicine 20.9 (2014): 509-518.
- ^ I Naseer, Muhammad, et al. “Role of gut microbiota in obesity, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease.” CNS & Neurological Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-CNS & Neurological Disorders) 13.2 (2014): 305-311.
- ^ Collins, Stephen M., Michael Surette, and Premysl Bercik. “The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain.” Nature Reviews Microbiology 10.11 (2012): 735-742.
- ^ Clemente, Jose C., et al. “The impact of the gut microbiota on human health: an integrative view.” Cell 148.6 (2012): 1258-1270.
- ^ Bowe, Whitney P., and Alan C. Logan. “Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis-back to the future?.” Gut pathogens 3.1 (2011): 1.
- ^ Bisanz, Jordan E., and Gregor Reid. “Unraveling how probiotic yogurt works.” Science translational medicine 3.106 (2011): 106ps41-106ps41.
- ^ Fuller, R., and Glenn R. Gibson. “Modification of the intestinal microflora using probiotics and prebiotics.” Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 32.sup222 (1997): 28-31.
- ^ Fooks, L. J., and G. R. Gibson. “Probiotics as modulators of the gut flora.” British Journal of Nutrition 88.S1 (2002): s39-s49.
- ^ Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53(6):641-58. doi: 10.1080/10408398.2011.553752. Probiotics and its functionally valuable products-a review. Kanmani P, Satish Kumar R, Yuvaraj N, Paari KA, Pattukumar V, Arul V. Source a Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Pondicherry, 605014, India.
- ^ Br J Nutr. 2012 Aug;108(3):459-70. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511005824. Epub 2011 Nov 7. Comparative effects of six probiotic strains on immune function in vitro. Dong H, Rowland I, Yaqoob P. Source Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
- ^ Tuohy, Kieran M., et al. “Using probiotics and prebiotics to improve gut health.” Drug discovery today 8.15 (2003): 692-700.
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- ^ Glenn, G. R., and M. B. Roberfroid. “Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics.” J. nutr125 (1995): 1401-1412.